Green Computing

    Hello guys its Akash today we will discuss about Green Computing in details. Firstly we learn Overviews and Issues.

 Problems  

• Many organizations are not following go green practices. The reason is money. Many organizations want to save environment, but they want to save money also.
• One of the business rule says that to be successful, one should save money and increase the performance. The truth is, making infrastructure green costs more money at first, but thousands of dollars can be saved in future by adopting these changes.

1. Toxins

(What is E-waste ? What are the Toxins Generated from E-waste?)

• Electronic waste is one of the fastest growing components of waste stream the world. These e-wastes contain various hazardous substances which are harmful to environment as well as to human health if they are not disposed carefully
• When these electronic components breakdown, they release various toxic elements like Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic Lithium, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls), Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), etc.

(What are the benefits of recycling electronic components?)

E Waste problem can be solved if used products are disposed of carefully, reused or recycled. There are many benefits of recycling electronic components:

• Recycling helps in recovering valuable materials from used electronic products which can be used as raw material to make new products. As a result, it helps in saving energy conserving resources, reducing pollution and decreasing greenhouse gas emission.
• It helps in elimination of hazardous substances thereby protecting environment.
• Donating e-waste to people who need it, leads to reuse of old functioning electronic equipment.
• Create new job opportunities for recyclers.
• Recycling helps in conserving landfill space too.

Various toxins are found in computers like:

1. CRT hs Lead and Arsenic in it 
2. Cables and circuit boards contain Polybrominated flame retardants 
3. Zinc sulphide present in the interior of CRT screens 
4. Mercury is present in switches 
5. Cadmium present in semiconductor and circuit boards 
6. Corrosion protection in steel is given by Chromium 
7. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Wed for insulation wires and cables.

2. Power Consumption

(How to reduce amount of electricity used by computer)

Electricity is used to run all the desktop PCs, server switches and so on of any organization Also, cooling these electrons require mount of electricity This electricity is bought from the electrical utility Booking electricity requires money as well as it generate greenhouse gas, because electrical utility generate electricity by burning fossil fuels, Power is an important i n fur green organization the more power organization use, the more money organization have to spend and greater the greenhouse gas emission. It has become more difficult and expensive for organization from power consumption point of view. Some of the solutions are given below to reduce power consumption:

• Virtualization:

Virtualization is achieved using specialized software which create partition of a physical server into smaller virtual servers to maximize server resources thereby reducing the amount of power consumption.

• Generating power using other ways:

One way of reducing power consumption cont and also reducing carbon footprint of company is - instead of using electricity from electrical utility, company can go for generating its own power by using solar cells or wind turbines Also, if more power is generated, then it can be sold to electrical utility.

3. Heat

• Cooling the electrical equipment is another important issue. Cooling alas require power consumption. The more equipment's data center have, the more heat that equipment generate and then the more power will be to cool those equipment's.
• According to one research, cost of cooling data center is more than the IT equipment the data center supports. One way to reduce this cost impact. 

4. Equipment Disposal

•  When computer and other devices become obsolete, they need to be discarded. If these devices are property disposed of, many useful materials are extracted from those devices which can then be used as raw material for other devices.
• On the other hand, if not properly disposed of, they can be major sources of toxic or hazardous substances, but the main problem in there in no format legal, official process in place for proper disposal of electronics in man the places including the United States. But Europe and Japan have policies for handling end-of-life products.

5. Business of Recycling Process

• Recycling of e-waste is complicated process. First step is to separate and plastics, and then shred the circuit board to separate iron, aluminium and copper from the precious metals such as gold, silver etc. Plastics cannot be reused. This process is quite expensive and labour intensive.
• So many recycling businesses sell their e-waste to developing countries like Indian, China and other places. These places can be benefited by extracting valuable materials but at the same time it is going to affect the environment and human health because of the hazardous substances released from those e-wastes

6. Recycling Process

( short note on recycling process.)

• Recycling process involves dismantling the e-waste equipment's into different components like power supplies, metal frames, circuit board, and plastics. This process is expensive and labour intensive so many of the states started adding an electronic waste recycling fee to the cost of new equipment's purchased by consumers.
• In 2004, the State of California has started adding recycling fee to the cost of purchasing the new monitors and televisions. In 2007, British Columbia has also started adding recycling fee to the cost of new purchasing a new television, computer or computer components. Canada has also started similar practices of being responsible for electronics recycling.
• For properly disposing these electronics, recycling plant found in the developed country are used. These recycling plants are capable of handling large amount of end-of-life electronics and separating them in safe manner These plants limit the amount of human contact with toxic materials during recycling processing

 (A) European Union 

• Since disposal of 0-waste to landfill was banned by some European countries, new industry for e-waste processing has started. The first e- waste recycling system in Swiss) started with collection of old refrigerators. The scope was increased to include computers and other electronic devices
• These old equipment's were to be collected for free of charge at sales points or other collection points. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive has been adopted by Europe. According to this directive, manufacturers are responsible for old equipment's.

(B) United States

• Same states of US started banning Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT), circuit boards etc, from landfills because of the fear that these materials can pollute groundwater and air And some of the states have directive that e-waste should be hanged separately. But these directive are negative.
• Some people brokers have started collecting these e-wastes and then shipped them to the developing countries where they are dispose of improperly hashing negative impact on environment and human health To reduce this. Basel Convention, an international treaty that was designed to lessen the movements of hazardous substances from developed countries to less developed countries, is designed. It also aims at preventing transfer of toxic waste from developed countries to less developed countries.
• According to estimates of BAN (Basel Action Network), approximately 80% of e-waste sent out for recycling was actually shipped to less developed country like China, India and others for improper disposal. United States does not have national law for governing e-waste.
• United States, as a whole, does not have e-waste legislation's and regulations, but many states of US have developed their local e-waste laws to protect the environment. California is the first state to develop such legislation followed by Maryland, Maine, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington, and Texas.

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